Research · PMID 15492232 · Landmark study

PubMed sourcedAbstract-based analysis

Reviewed by Neal Rouzier, MD, Preventive Medicine · Sep 2026

The orphan nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor is essential for liver tumor promotion by phenobarbital in mice.

Cancer research · October 2004 · Yukio Yamamoto, Rick Moore, Thomas L Goldsworthy, Masahiko Negishi, Robert R Maronpot

What this study found

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known to progress through a step often called tumor promotion. Phenobarbital (PB) is the prototype of nongenotoxic cacinogens that promote HCC in rodents.

Open on PubMedDOI
Landmark studyunknown

Why this trial matters

Oral estrogen VTE cohort

How RAGMD uses this study

Clinical questions this paper informs

Synthesis lives on the evidence question — this page shows where the study sits in that analysis.

Core study

Does hormone replacement therapy increase venous thromboembolism risk?

Oral estrogen increases venous thromboembolism risk compared with no therapy. Transdermal estrogen appears to carry lower thrombotic risk in observational studies and is often preferred in women at elevated VTE risk.

Open evidence analysis

Core study

Is transdermal estrogen preferred over oral estrogen in menopause?

Transdermal estrogen avoids first-pass hepatic effects and is associated with lower venous thromboembolism risk than oral routes in observational data. It is often preferred in women with elevated thrombotic or metabolic risk.

Open evidence analysis
Read the evidence analysisResearch library