Research · PMID 41892504
Reviewed by Neal Rouzier, MD, Preventive Medicine · Sep 2026
Case-Based Perspectives on the Management of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause.
Clinics and practice · March 2026 · Jissy Cyriac, Richa Sood
What this study found
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), previously known as vulvovaginal atrophy, is a chronic, progressive hypoestrogenic condition affecting vulvovaginal, urinary and sexual health in women. Common symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching, dyspareunia, urinary urgency and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs).
How RAGMD uses this study
Clinical questions this paper informs
Synthesis lives on the evidence question — this page shows where the study sits in that analysis.
Core study
Does low-dose vaginal estrogen carry significant systemic risks?
Low-dose vaginal estrogen for genitourinary syndrome of menopause achieves local benefit with minimal systemic absorption in most women. Progestogen is generally not required for endometrial protection at standard low doses.
Open evidence analysisCore study
What is the evidence for treating genitourinary syndrome of menopause?
Low-dose vaginal estrogen effectively treats vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and urinary symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause with minimal systemic exposure. Regular reassessment of endometrial safety applies at higher cumulative doses.
Open evidence analysis